AFIA
ACTA Informatique
Du côté du web et de l'informatique agricole 13 - 2007 (10 ème année)
Paris, 2 avril 2007 - Complément
 

Petit complément pour que vous pensiez (notamment) à vous inscrire au colloque du 15 mai


Pensée du jour
L'important dans la communication ce n'est pas ce que l'on dit, c'est ce que l'autre comprend - Roman JACOBSON
Contact : Jérôme CHARGELÈGUE
Mél : jerome.chargelegue(a)lusignan.inra.fr


Thought of the day
People like to imagine that because all our mechanical equipment moves so much faster, that we are thinking faster, too - Christopher Morley, writer (1890-1957)

Les nouveaux outils du web agricole
Colloque - Paris
15 mai 2007

Le web agricole nouveau est arrivé :
blog, RSS, wiki, podcast, vidéo, web télé, web conférence…

Voir : http://www.acta-informatique.fr?d=6752
Contact : Guy WAKSMAN

Mél : waksman(a)acta-informatique.fr


Le web agricole nouveau est arrivé : blog, RSS, wiki, podcast, vidéo, web télé, web conférence…
48ème Colloque AgriMMédia
Paris - MNE - Mardi 15 mai 2007 - de 14 h à 18 h
Voir : http://www.acta-informatique.fr?d=6752
Contact : Guy WAKSMAN
Mél : waksman(a)acta-informatique.fr

Les réseaux de tourisme à la ferme

- Bienvenue à la ferme : http://www.bienvenue-a-la-ferme.com
- Accueil paysan : http://www.accueil-paysan.com
- Forme en ferme : http://www.formeenferme.com
- En région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur : http://www.agrivacances.com
Voir : http://www.acta-informatique.fr?d=6726


Terre-net Web TV - Des vidéos en direct des salons (Suite - 1 à l'avis de recherche de la gazette du 29 mars)
Vous connaissiez les salons à suivre en direct sur Terre-net, Web-agri et Viti-net. Avec présentation des nouveautés, informations en direct, palmarès des concours, témoignages de visiteurs... : des articles à lire comme si vous y étiez. C'est une habitude bien ancrée.
Terre-net média vous propose désormais encore plus de direct, avec de la vidéo accessible à tous ! Après les premiers web-reportages vidéos au Sima (en direct sur Terre-net), vous avez pu suivre Eurogénétique en images le week-end dernier en direct sur Web-agri.
> Retrouvez les vidéos d'Eurogénétique...
Voir : http://www.web-agri.fr/dossier_special/default.asp?idDoss=64&idrub=1337&id=38912
> Et retrouvez les vidéos du Sima... qui totalisent déjà plus de 20.000 chargements !
Voir : http://www.terre-net.fr/dossier_special/sima-2007/default.asp?idDoss=62&idrub=1328&id=38347


Vidéos mises en lignes entre autres par Agriss sur Google Videos  (Suite - 2 à l'avis de recherche de la gazette du 29 mars)
Voir par exemple : http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4950042981480342917&sourceid=searchfeed
On peut aussi trouver plusieurs reportages sur le SIMA et le salon de l'Agriculture sur dailymotion, youtube, et google video.
Contact : Guillaume CHARDONNEAU
Mél : guillaume.chardonneau(a)acuma.fr


Reprise des émissions "expression directe" de la FNSEA (Suite - 3 à l'avis de recherche de la gazette du 29 mars)
Voir : http://www.elections.fnsea.fr/sites/elections/en_images/
Contact : Alain WITTMER
Mél : alain.wittmer(a)fnsea.fr

TRACTOGUIDE 2007
l'indispensable outil des professionnels du machinisme !

Cet ouvrage, structuré en six parties, présente 332 tracteurs de 2 à 4 roues motrices, 81 moissonneuses-batteuses avec équipement céréales à paille et maïs, 79 tracteurs spécialisés et 29 machines à vendanger, 22 ensileuses automotrices et 80 chargeurs télescopiques disponibles actuellement en France.
Ces 623 fiches décrivent en détail l'ensemble des caractéristiques techniques des tracteurs standards et spécialisés, des moissonneuses-batteuses, ensileuses automotrices, chargeurs télescopiques et machine à vendanger. Les prix et date de tarif sont donnés à titre indicatif.
Le Tractoguide fournit au lecteur le barème d'entraide prévisionnel 2007, les adresses utiles du secteur et un index complet des modèles présentés.
Ce document unique répond aux besoins non seulement des agriculteurs et producteurs spécialisés mais aussi des techniciens, des conseillers machinisme, des CUMA ou des entrepreneurs de travaux.
TRACTOGUIDE - Edition ACTA, mars 2007, 632 pages, Format 15 x 21 cm.
43 euros TTC
Participation aux frais d'envoi : 7 euros pour un ex.
ISBN : 2-85794-237-0
Réf : B 314

Pour se procurer ce document, s'adresser à
ACTA
BP 90006
59718 LILLE Cedex 9

Incognito
Le curé est à l'entrée, souhaitant bonjour à tous ses fidèles. Il attrape l'homme par la manche et lui dit :
- C'est bien de rejoindre l'armée du Seigneur !
- Mais je fais déjà partie de l'armée du Seigneur, mon père.
- Alors comment se fait-il que je ne t'ai jamais vu ici avant ce matin ?
L'homme se penche vers le curé et lui chuchote :
- C'est parce que je suis dans les services secrets !


Tout sur les firewall
Watchguard

Voir : http://www.acta-informatique.fr?d=6544
Contact : Jean-Paul ARCHIER (Cisco Certified Network Professional) et WSCP (Watchguard Security Certified Professional)
ACTA Informatique dispose de la certification Watchguard Professional Partner
Mél : jpa(a)acta-informatique.fr

OGM - lettre ouverte d'un chercheur laïc et républicain à un Maire qui a oublié de l'être
… (Suite à la gazette du 29 mars 2007)
Après lecture du livre de Mr Kuntz on se rend compte, si on ne le savait pas déjà, que les moyens alloués à la mise en évidence des bénéfices de la technologie OGM Bt sont incomparablement plus importants que ceux qui permettent de financer des études pour en évaluer les risques. S'agissant des bénéfices des OGM Bt, il y a pléthore d'informations, de publications... S'agissant des risques, de quelle matière scientifique d'origine complètement indépendante dispose le citoyen ?
Vous parlez de propositions constructives alors même que la transpositions de la directive va s'imposer aux maires sans aucun débat démocratique.
J'en viens ensuite à la consultation citoyenne sur internet à propos des 14 essais, dont (si ma mémoire est bonne), 6 ou 8 sur de la technologie Bt et d'autres essais à vocation médicale et une résistance à la sécheresse. Pour ma part j'ai répondu favorablement à tous sauf à ceux concernant la technologie OGM Bt
On a le sentiment, que ces essais et ces consultations sont organisés de manière à inciter les opposants au maïs Bt à rejeter tout en bloc et ainsi à les assimiler à des obscurantistes.
Contact : D. LEFEBVRE
Mél : d.lefebvre(a)est-agricole.com


Et la réponse de M. KUNTZ
Je ne polémiquerai pas avec M. David Lefebvre, mais sur l'intéressante question des évaluations des risques et des bénéfices, voici ci-après une petite compilation (sans valeur statistique, sans prétendre à l'exhaustivité), sur les 4 derniers mois, de publications sur les plantes Bt.
Les 2 premières concernent les bénéfices. L'une (ou les 2?) proviennent de la recherche privée. Les 6 suivantes correspondent à une évaluation des risques (toutes ici sont de la recherche publique, me semble-t-il, mais le prive a aussi contribué à ces évaluations par ailleurs, ce qui n'est pas anormal).
Il s'agit d'une simple illustration pour aider au débat. Il me semble souhaitable que celui-ci intègre les données scientifiques existantes.
Contact : Marcel KUNTZ
Mél : marcel.kuntz(a)ujf-grenoble.fr


1. Characterization of Soybean Exhibiting High Expression of a Synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry1A Transgene That Confers a High Degree of Resistance to Lepidopteran Pests
John A. Miklosa et al.
Monsanto
We report the generation of transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfers of a cry1A gene (tic107) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that exhibits a high degree of resistance against the lepidopteran pests Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (soybean looper), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (soybean podworm), and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (velvetbean caterpillar). Three transgenic soybean lines (862, 726, and 781) were evaluated for expression, molecular composition, efficacy against target pests, and agronomic characteristics. We have designed and tested an expression cassette that consistently and reproducibly generates transgenic soybeans that accumulate the tic107 protein at levels as high as 6.12 µg mg–1 of total extractable protein. Expression levels of this magnitude of a Bt insecticidal protein have never been reported in soybean. Previous reports have indicated expression levels 100-fold lower in the highest-expressing lines. In addition, the phenotypes of these high-expressing lines were indistinguishable from their negative segregant and the transformation parent (Asgrow var. ‘A3237’). Insect bioassay data demonstrate complete protection against soybean looper, soybean podworm, and velvetbean caterpillar when negative controls exhibited defoliation as high as 98%. Unlike previous reports of transgenic soybeans, we report here highly efficacious, single-copy, and normal phenotypes of transgenic soybean plants containing the highly expressed cry1A gene.

2. Resistance to Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in three transgenic Andean varieties of potato expressing Bacillus thuringiensis crylac protein.
AM Valderrama, et al.
J Econ Entomol, February 1, 2007; 100(1): 172-9.
Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal UNALMED-CIB, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, (CIB), Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Transgenic potato, Solanum tuberosum L., plants containing a synthetic cry1Ac gene coding for the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline insecticidal protein were produced and evaluated for resistance to Tecia solanivora Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), the larvae of which attack potato tubers. In total, 43 transgenic lines of commercial Andean potato varieties Diacol Capiro, Pardo Pastusa, and Pandeazúcar were obtained. These transgenic lines were found to have one to four copies of cry1Ac per genome and expression levels of Cry1Ac protein varying from 0.02 to 17 microg/g fresh tuber tissue. Bioassays of T. solanivora larvae on these transgenic potato tubers showed 83.7-100% mortality, whereas the mortality levels on nontransgenic lines were 0-2.67%. Our data indicate the capability of Bt transgenic technology to control the T. solanivora while reducing the use of chemical insecticides. Further studies under controlled field conditions will be helpful in exploring the potential of CrylAc potatoes in the insect pest management strategies.

3. Dramatic reduction of crop-to-crop gene flow within a short distance from transgenic rice fields.
J Rong, et al. New Phytol, January 1, 2007; 173(2): 346-53.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China.
Genetically modified (GM) rice with enhanced agronomic traits and pharmaceutical uses are ready for widespread adoption. Little is known about isolation requirements for achieving stringent transgene confinement in rice. To investigate the extent of pollen-mediated crop-to-crop transgene flow, we conducted a field experiment with four plot-size treatments of adjacent GM and nonGM rice (Oryza sativa) in China. Three insect-resistant GM rice (Bt/CpTI) and nonGM isogenic lines were used in the study. The hygromycin-resistance transgene (hpt) marker was used to screen seeds from the nonGM rice rows at different distance intervals from GM rice plots. Based on the examination of > 2.1 million germinated seeds, we found a dramatic reduction in transgene frequencies with increasing distance from the GM crop, ranging from c. 0.28% at 0.2 m to < 0.01% at 6.2 m. In addition, different plot size did not significantly affect the frequencies of gene flow. In conclusion, pollen-mediated crop-to-crop transgene flow in rice can be maintained at negligible levels with short spatial isolation. The model can also be applied to other crops with self- and wind-pollination.

4. Mechanism of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac in a Greenhouse Population of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni{triangledown}
Ping Wang, et al.
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456,1 Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain,2 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada3
The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, is one of only two insect species that have evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in agricultural situations. The trait of resistance to B. thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac from a greenhouse-evolved resistant population of T. ni was introgressed into a highly inbred susceptible laboratory strain. The resulting introgression strain, GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS, and its nearly isogenic susceptible strain were subjected to comparative genetic and biochemical studies to determine the mechanism of resistance. Results showed that midgut proteases, hemolymph melanization activity, and midgut esterase were not altered in the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain. The pattern of cross-resistance of the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain to 11 B. thuringiensis Cry toxins showed a correlation of the resistance with the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in T. ni. This cross-resistance pattern is different from that found in a previously reported laboratory-selected Cry1Ab-resistant T. ni strain, evidently indicating that the greenhouse-evolved resistance involves a mechanism different from the laboratory-selected resistance. Determination of specific binding of B. thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the midgut brush border membranes confirmed the loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac in the resistant larvae. The loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac is inherited as a recessive trait, which is consistent with the recessive inheritance of Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac resistance in this greenhouse-derived T. ni population. Therefore, it is concluded that the mechanism for the greenhouse-evolved Cry1Ac resistance in T. ni is an alteration affecting the binding of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in the midgut.


5. Composition of arthropod species assemblages in Bt-expressing and near isogenic eggplants in experimental fields.
S Arpaia, et al.
Environ Entomol, February 1, 2007; 36(1): 213-27.
ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and the Environment, Research Centre Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy.
The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) plants in experimental fields has been examined in several ways, in particular with respect to the dynamics of specific nontarget organisms. The approach of sampling for biodiversity in agroecosystems to compare complex patterns could also be useful in studying potential disruptions caused by GM crops. In this study, we set up replicated field plots of Bt-expressing eggplants and near isogenic untransformed eggplants as a control. We monitored the presence and abundance of herbivore and predator arthropods in weekly visual samplings of the plant canopy for three growing seasons (2001-2003). Insect species were pooled in organismal taxonomic units (OTUs); three multivariate methods were used to compare species assemblage as an estimate of insect biodiversity. This multistep statistical approach proved to be efficient in recognizing association patterns, as evidenced by the data for the target species Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) clearly showing a significant association with the control plots. All the analyses indicate a comparable species assemblage between transgenic and near isogenic eggplant areas. Our results suggest that some taxa may warrant more specific study. For example, Alticinae beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were alternatively more abundant in either of the two treatments, and their overall abundance was significantly higher on transgenic eggplants. In light of these results and because of their taxonomic proximity to the target species, these herbivores may represent an important nontarget group to be further studied. Moreover, some sap feeders (e.g., Homoptera: Cicadellidae) were more abundant on Bt-expressing plants in some samples in all 3 yr.


6. Occurrence and persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and transgenic Bt corn cry1Ab gene from an aquatic environment.
M Douville, et al.
Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, Qué., Canada H2Y 2E7.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, February 1, 2007; 66(2): 195-203.
Genetically modified corn crops and suspensions of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are currently used to control pest infestations of insects of the Lepidoptera family. For this purpose, the cry1Ab gene coding for protein delta-endotoxin derived from B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk), which is highly toxic to these insects, was inserted and expressed in corn. The aims of this study were to examine the occurrence and persistence of the cry1Ab gene from Btk and Bt corn in aquatic environments near fields where Bt corn was cultivated. First, an optimal DNA preparation and extraction methodology was developed to allow for quantitative gene analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in various environmental matrices. Second, surface water and sediment were spiked in vitro with genomic DNA from Bt or Bt corn to evaluate the persistence of cry1Ab genes. Third, soil, sediment, and water samples were collected before seeding, 2 weeks after pollen release, and after corn harvesting and mechanical root remixing in soils to assess cry1Ab gene content. DNA was extracted with sufficient purity (i.e., low absorbance at 230 nm and absence of PCR-inhibiting substances) from soil, sediment, and surface water. The cry1Ab gene persisted for more than 21 and 40 days in surface water and sediment, respectively. The removal of bacteria by filtration of surface water samples did not significantly increase the half-life of the transgene, but the levels were fivefold more abundant than those in unfiltered water at the end of the exposure period. In sediments, the cry1Ab gene from Bt corn was still detected after 40 days in clay- and sand-rich sediments. Field surveys revealed that the cry1Ab gene from transgenic corn and from naturally occurring Bt was more abundant in the sediment than in the surface water. The cry1Ab transgene was detected as far away as the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers (82 km downstream from the corn cultivation plot), suggesting that there were multiple sources of this gene and/or that it undergoes transport by the water column. Sediment-associated cry1Ab gene from Bt corn tended to decrease with distance from the Bt cornfield. Sediment concentrations of the cry1Ab gene were significantly correlated with those of the cry1Ab gene in surface water (R=0.83;P=0.04). The data indicate that DNA from Bt corn and Bt were persistent in aquatic environments and were detected in rivers draining farming areas.

7. Toxicological evaluation of genetically modified cotton (Bollgard((R))) and Dipel ((R)) WP on the non-target soil mite Scheloribates praeincisus (Acari: Oribatida).
AR Oliveira, et al.
Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Sao Paulo, CP 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil,
Exp Appl Acarol, January 1, 2007; 41(3): 191-201.
Insecticides derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and plants genetically modified (GM) to express B. thuringiensis toxins are important alternatives for insect pest control worldwide. Risk assessment of B. thuringiensis toxins to non-target organisms has been extensively studied but few toxicological tests have considered soil invertebrates. Oribatid mites are one of the most diverse and abundant arthropod groups in the upper layers of soil and litter in natural and agricultural systems. These mites are exposed to the toxic compounds of GM crops or pesticides mainly when they feed on vegetal products incorporated in the soil. Although some effects of B. thuringiensis products on Acari have been reported, effects on oribatid mites are still unknown. This study investigated the effects of the ingestion of Bt cotton Bollgard((R)) and of the B. thuringiensis commercial product Dipel((R)) WP on the pantropical species Scheloribates praeincisus (Scheloribatidae). Ingestion of Bollgard and Dipel did not affect adult and immature survivorship and food consumption (estimated by number of fecal pellets produced daily) or developmental time of immature stages of S. praeincisus. These results indicate the safety of Bollgard and Dipel to S. praeincisus under field conditions where exposition is lower and other food sources besides leaves of Bt plants are available. The method for toxicological tests described here can be adapted to other species of Oribatida, consisting on a new option to risk assessment studies.


8. Effects of Cry1Ab-expressing corn anthers on the movement of monarch butterfly larvae.
PL Prasifka, et al.
Department of Entomology, 13 Insectary Bldg., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Environ Entomol, February 1, 2007; 36(1): 228-33.
Decreased larval feeding and weight of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., have been detected after 4 d of exposure in the laboratory to a high density of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-expressing anthers. One hypothesis is that larvae exposed to Bt anthers exhibit increased wandering, resulting in less feeding and lower weight gain. To test this hypothesis, 2-d-old monarch butterfly larvae exposed to milkweed leaf disks with no anthers, anthers that express Bt (Cry1Ab, event MON810), or other non-Bt anthers were observed using a video-tracking system. As had been shown in previous studies, larvae exposed to Bt anthers fed less and gained less weight than larvae exposed to non-Bt or no anthers, yet there was no evidence of feeding on anthers. Total distance moved, maximum displacement from release point, percentage of time spent moving or near anthers, or mean turn angle did not differ across treatments. However, larvae exposed to Bt anthers spent more time off milkweed leaf disks than those exposed to no anthers and were more likely to move off the leaf than larvae exposed to non-Bt anthers. Results suggest that larvae exposed to Bt anthers behave differently and that ingestion may not be the only way Bt can affect nontarget insects like the monarch butterfly.


Déclaration C.N.I.L. numéro 667690
Vous êtes plus de 24 000 à recevoir "Du côté du web et de l'informatique agricole". La reproduction n'est autorisée que pour votre usage personnel et les besoins de votre entreprise.
Si vous souhaitez abonner un (e) ami (e), un (e) collègue ou encore vous désabonner (loi No 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978), et bien sûr contribuer à la rédaction de cette gazette presque hebdomadaire, merci d'en faire directement la demande à Guy Waksman.
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ACTA Informatique réalise des sites Internet aussi bien que des applications pour PC sous WINDOWS, et propose un grand nombre de stages de formation.